with the Dioscuri as the

* * *

(gen. pl. augna), n.

1) eye;

lúka (bregða) upp augum, bregða augum í sundr, to open (lift up) the eyes;

lúka aptr augum, to shift the eyes;

renna (bregða, leiða) augum til e-s, to turn the eyes to;

leiða e-n augum, to measure one with the eyes;

berja augum í e-t, to take into consideration;

koma augum á e-t, to set eyes on, become aware of;

hafa auga á e-u, t have, keep, an eye upon;

segja e-t í augu upp, to one’s face, right in the face;

unna e-m sem augum í höfði sér, as one’s own eye-balls;

e-m vex e-t í augu, one has scruples about;

náit er nef augum, the nose is neighbor to the eyes;

gløggt er gests augat, a guest’s eye is sharp;

mörg eru dags augu, the day has many eyes;

eigi leyna augu, ef ann kona manni, the eyes cannot hide it if a woman loves a man;

2) hole, aperture in a needle (nálarauga), in a millstone (kvarnarauga) or an axe-head;

3) pit full of water.

* * *

n., gen. pl. augna, [Lat. oculus, a dimin. of an obsolete ocus; Gr. οφθαλμός (Boeot. οκταλμός); Sanskr. aksha: the word is common to Sanskrit with the Slavonic, Greek, Roman, and Teutonic idioms: Goth. augo; Germ, auge; A. S. eâge; Engl. eye; Scot. ee; Swed. öga; Dan. öje, etc. Grimm s. v. suggests a relationship to Lat. acies, acutus, etc. The letter n appears in the plur. of the mod. northern languages; the Swedes say ‘ögon,’ oculi, the Danes ‘öjne;’ with the article ‘ögonen’ and ‘öjnene;’ Old Engl. ‘eyne;’ Scot. ‘een’]

I. an eye. It is used in Icel. in a great many proverbs, e. g. betr sjá augu en auga, ‘two eyes see better than one,’ i. e. it is good to yield to advice: referring to love, unir auga meðan á sér, the eye is pleased whilst it can behold (viz. the object of its affection), Fas. i. 125, cp. Völs. rím. 4. 189; eigi leyna augu, ef ann kona manni, the eyes cannot bide it, if a woman love a man, i. e. they tell their own tale, Ísl. ii. 251. This pretty proverb is an απ. λεγ. l. c. and is now out of use; it is no doubt taken from a poem in a dróttkvætt metre, (old proverbs have alliteration, but neither rhymes nor assonance, rhyming proverbs are of a comparatively late date): medic., eigi er sá heill er í augun verkir, Fbr. 75; sá drepr opt fæti ( slips) er augnanna missir, Bs. i. 742; hætt er einu auganu nema vel fari, he who has only one eye to lose will take care of it (comm.); húsbóndans auga sér bezt, the master’s eye sees best; glögt er gests augat, a guest’s eye is sharp; mörg eru dags augu, the day has many eyes, i. e. what is to be hidden must not be done in broad daylight, Hm. 81; náið er nef augum, the nose is near akin to the eyes (tua res agitur paries quum proximus ardet), Nj. 21; opt verðr slíkt á sæ, kvað selr, var skotinn í auga, this often happens at sea, quoth the seal, when he was shot in the eye, of one who is in a scrape, Fms. viii. 402. In many phrases, at unna ( to love) e-m sem augum í höfði sér, as one’s own eye-balls, Nj. 217; þótti mér slökt it sætasta ljós augna minna, by his death the sweetest light of my eyes was quenched, 187: hvert grætr þú nú Skarphéðinn? eigi er þat segir Skarphéðinn, en hitt er satt at súrnar í augum, the eyes smart from smoke, 200: renna, líta augum, to seek with the eyes, to look upon: it is used in various connections, renna, líta ástaraugum, vánaraugum, vinaraugum, trúaraugum, öfundaraugum, girndarauga, with eyes of love, hope, friendship, faith, envy, desire: mæna a. denotes an upward or praying look; stara, fixed; horfa, attentive; lygna, blundskaka, stupid or slow; blína, glápa, góna, vacant or silly; skima, wandering; hvessa augu, a threatening look; leiða e-n a., to measure one with the eyes; gjóta, or skjóta hornauga, or skjóta a. í skjálg, to throw a side glance of dislike or ill-will; gjóta augum is always in a bad sense; renna, líta mostly in a good sense: gefa e-u auga, oculum adjicere alicui; hafa auga á e-u, to keep an eye on it; segja e-m e-t í augu upp, to one’s face, Orkn. 454; at augum, adverb. with open eyes, Hervar. S. (in a verse), etc. As regards various movements of the eyes; ljúka upp augum, to open the eyes; láta aptr augun, to shut the eyes; draga auga í pung, to draw the eye into a purse, i. e. shut one eye; depla augum, to blink; at drepa titlinga (Germ. äugeln, blinzen), to wink, to kill tits with the suppressed glances of the eye; glóðarauga, a suffusion on the eye, hyposphagma; kýrauga. proptosis; vagl á auga, a beam in the eye; skjálgr, Lat. limus; ský, albugo; tekinn til augnanna, with sunken eyes, etc., Fél. ix. 192; a. bresta, in death: hafa stýrur í augum, to have prickles in the eyes, when the eyes ache for want of sleep: vatna músum, ‘to water mice,’ used esp. of children weeping silently and trying to hide their tears. As to the look or expression of the eyes there are sundry metaph. phrases, e. g. hafa fékróka í augum, to have wrinkles at the corners of the eyes, of a shrewd money getting fellow, Fms. ii. 84, cp. Orkn. 330, 188, where krókauga is a cognom.; kvenna-króka, one insinuating with the fair sex; hafa ægishjalm í augum is a metaphor of one with a piercing, commanding eye, an old mythical term for the magical power of the eye, v. Grimm’s D. Mythol. under Ægishjalmr: vera mjótt á milli augnanna, the distance between the eyes being short, is a popular saying, denoting a close, stingy man, hence mjóeygr means close: e-m vex e-t í augu (now augum), to shrink back from, of a thing waxing and growing before one’s eyes so that one dares not face it. As to the shape, colour, etc. of the eye, vide the adj. ‘eygr’ or ‘eygðr’ in its many compds. Lastly we may mention the belief, that when the water in baptism touches the eyes, the child is thereby in future life prevented from seeing ghosts or goblins, vide the words úfreskr and skygn. No spell can touch the human eye; en er harm sá augu hans (that of Loki in the shape of a bird), þá grunaði hann (the giant) at maðr mundi vera, Edda 60; í bessum birni þykist hón kenna augu Bjarnar konungs sonar, Fas. i. 51, vide Ísl. Þjóðs.

II. meton. and metaph. auga is used in a great many connections:

α. astron.; þjaza augu, the eyes of the giant Thiazi, is a constellation, probably the Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux; the story is told in the Edda 47, cp. Harbarðsljóð 19; (Snorri attributes it to Odin, the poem to Thor.)

β. botan., auga = Lat. gemma, Hjalt. 38; kattarauga, cat’s eye, is the flower forget-me-not.

γ. the spots that form the numbers on dice, Magn. 530.

δ. the hole in a millstone; kvarnarauga, Edda 79, 221, Hkr. i. 121: the opening into which an axe handle is fastened, Sturl. ii. 91: a pit full of water, Fs. 45: nálarauga, a needle’s eye: vindauga, wind’s eye or window (which orig. had no glass in it), A. S. eag-dura (eye-door); also gluggi, q. v.: gleraugu, spectacles.

ε. anatom., the pan of the hip joint, v. augnakarl, Fms. iii. 392: gagnaugu, temples.

ζ. hafsauga, the bottom of the ocean, in the popular phrase, fara út í hafsauga, descendere ad tartara.

η. poët. the sun is called heimsauga, dagsauga, Jónas 119.

COMPDS either with sing. auga or pl. augna; in the latter case mod. usage sometimes drops the connecting vowel a, e. g. augn-dapr, augn-depra, augn-fagr, etc. auga-bragð (augna-), n. the twinkling of an eye, Hm. 77; á einu a., in the twinkling of an eye, Ver. 32, Edda (pref.) 146, Sks. 559, Rb. 568: a glance, look, snart a., Fms. ii. 174; mikit a., v. 335; úfagrligt a., Fs. 43; hafa a. af e-u, to cast a look at, Fbr. 49, Fms. xi. 424: in the phrase, at hafa e-n (or verða) at augabragði, metaph. to make sport of, to mock, deride, gaze at, Stj. 627, 567, Hm. 5, 29. auga-brun, f. the eye-brow. auga-staðr, m. an eye-mark; hafa a. á e-u, to mark with the eye. auga-steinn (augna-), m. the eye-ball, Hkr. iii. 365, Fms. v. 152. augna-bending, f. a warning glance, Pr. 452. augna-blik, n. mod. = augnabragð, s. augna-bólga, u, f. ophthalmia. augna-brá, f. the eye-lid, D. N. i. 216. augna-fagr and aug-fagr, adj. fair-eyed, Fas. ii. 365, Fms. v. 200. augna-fró, f. a plant, eye-bright, euphrasia, also augna-gras, Hjalt. 231. augna-fræ, n. lychnis alpina. augna-gaman, n. a sport, delight for the eyes to gaze at, Ld. 202, Bær. 17, Fsm. 5 (love, sweetheart). augna-gróm, n. (medic.) a spot in the eye; metaph., ekki a., no mere speck, of whatever can easily be seen. augna-hár, n. an eye-lash. augna-hvannr, m. the eye-lid. augna-hvita, u, f. albugo. augna-karl, n. the pan of the hip joint; slíta or slitna or augnaköllunum, Fas. iii. 392. augna-kast, n. a wild glance, Barl. 167. augna-kláði, a, m. psorophthalmi. augna-krókr, n. the corner of the eye. augna-lag, n. a look, Ld. 154. augna-lok, n. ‘eye-covers,’ eye-lids. augna-mein, n. a disease of the eye. augna-mjörkvi, a, m. dimness of the eye, Pr. 471. augna-ráð, n. expression of the eye. augna-skot, n. a look askance, Gþl. 286, Fs. 44 (of cats). augna-slím, n. glaucoma. augna-staðr, m. the socket of the eye, Magn. 532. augna-sveinn, m. a lad leading a blind man, Str. 46. augn-tepra, u, f. hippus. augna-topt, f. the socket of the eye. augna-verkr, m. pain in the eye, Hkr. ii. 257, Bs. i. 451, Pr. 471, Bjarn. 58. augna-vik, n. pl. = augnakrókr. augna-þungi, a, m. heaviness of the eye, Hkr. ii. 257.

Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: meaning uncertain ('sounding, trilling, quick, flink, yellow'?), of the wings of the Dioscuri (h. Hom. 33, 13), of an eagle (B.), a cicada (AP); of the nightingale and their γένυς (A., E., Ar., Theoc.), of the swallow a. other singing birds (Babr.), of bees (S. Fr. 398, 5, E.); also of the winds (Chaerem. Trag.), of ἀλκυόνες (AP), of the ἱππαλεκτρυών (A., Ar.); further of μέλι, αἷμα, λύκος (Emp., Opp.) with ξανθός as v. l., prob. referring to the colour (cf. H. ξουθά οὐ μόνον ξανθά, ἀλλὰ καὶ λευκὰ καὶ πυρρά);.

Dialectal forms: Μyχ. kosouto as ΠN (Gallavotti Par. del Pass. 12, 6f.).

Compounds: As 1. member in ξουθό-πτερος ( μέλισσα; E., Lyr. Alex. Adesp.).

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: See v. Wilamowitz Eur. Her. v. 488, Méridier Rev. de phil. N. S. 36, 264ff., Leumann Hom. Wörter 215. Unexplained. An analysis in ξ-ου-θός with connection with the German. word for `grey(brown)', e.g. OE hasu (IE *ḱasu̯o-), to which also Lat. cānus (s. ξανθός), makes resticted claims. -- The general similarity with ξανθός has long ago been observed (e.g. Curtius 522). Acc. to Haas Ling. Posn. 3, 77 f. protoieur. (like ξαίνω, ξέω, ξύω etc.). Cf. Taillardat, Images d' Arostophne $ 266; Duerbeck, MSS 24(1968)9-32.

Page in Frisk: 2,

νή, Particle of strong affirmation, with acc. of the divinity invoked, once in Trag.,

A

ν. τὼ Λαπέρσα, ν. τὸν Εὐρώταν τρίτον, ν. τοὺς ἐν Ἄργει καὶ κατὰ Σπάρτην θεούς S.Fr. 957

; freq. in Com. and Prose, esp. in the phrase νὴ Δία, Ar.Eq. 319, Th. 240, etc.; with the Art.,

ν. τὸν Δία Id.Pl. 202

, Antiph.179.3, etc.; with the names of other gods, usu. c. Art.,

ν. τὴν Δήμητρα Pherecr.24

;

ν. τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν Ar. Pax 218

;

ν. τὸν Ἀπόλλω Id.Ec. 160

; ν. τὴν Ἄρτεμιν ib.90;

ν. τὸν Ποσειδῶ Id.Nu.83

, Eup.265; ν. τὼ θεώ (Demeter and Cora) Ar.Lys.51, Men.Georg.24 (a woman's oath, acc. to Phryn.171; ν. τὼ σιώ (of the Dioscuri) used by a Spartan, Plu.2.234f);

ν. τὴν Ἥραν Pl.Phdr. 230b

;

ν. τὴν Ἑστίαν Antiph.185

;

ν. τὴν Ἀφροδίτην Ar.Ec. 189

, Nicostr.Com.35; ν. τὸν κύνα, v. κύων 1 fin.;

ν. τοὺς θεούς Ar.Pl.74

, Pl.R. 531a, al.;

ν. θεούς Hp. Ep.17

; ν. τόν alone, Ph.2.271.

II ν. (τὸν) Δία is also used,

1 in answering questions, X.Cyr.1.3.6, Pl.Prt. 312a, etc.: in a supposed answer from antagonists, folld. by γάρ, D.8.16.

2 in introducing objections or contentions supposed to come from antagonists, folld. by γάρ, Id.19.285; folld. by ἀλλά, Id.18.117, 19.272; preceded by ἀλλά, X.HG7.3.10, Mem.1.2.9, D.24.125, al.

3 to add force by way of climax, ἄλλως τε μέντοι ν. Δία πάντως καὶ .. Pl.Ap. 35d, cf. X.HG1.7.21.

4 in adjurations, Ar.Av. 661, Ra. 164.

παράσημ-ον, τό,

A marginal mark or note,

παράσημα ποιεῖσθαι Arist.SE 177b6

.

II distinguishing mark, in various senses: ensign of a ship, παρασήμῳ Διοσκούροις with the Dioscuri as the sign or emblem, Act.Ap.28.11, cf. Plu.2.162a ; of a city, ib.399f ; of patricians and plebeians, Id.Cor. 20 ; τὰ τῆς ἡγεμονίας π. Id.Ant.33 ;

τὸ π. ὃ ἐπετίθεντο τῇ κεφαλῇ οἱ τῶν Περσῶν βασιλεῖς Ath. 12.514a

, cf. PGnom. 194 (ii A. D.) π. στρατηγικά, = Lat. insignia praetoria, Plu.Sull.9 ; characteristic mark, τὸ βασιλικὸν τῆς ἐσθῆτος π., i.e. its purple colour, Eun. VS p.456 B.; βασιλικὰ π. Id.Hist.p.239 D.; τῷ π. τοῦ σχήματος by the badge of his costume, App.BC1.16 ; figs are called τὸ π. τῶν Ἀθηνῶν, Alex.117 ; εἰ τὸ.. λαλεῖν ἦν τοῦ φρονεῖν π. Nicostr.Com.27 ; τὰ τοῦ πένθους π. 'the trappings and the suits of woe', Plu.2.118b ;

τέχνας μὲν παράσᾱμον ἔχει τάφος IG12(1).150

([place name] Rhodes) ; indication, ταῦτα τοῦ μὴ Ῥωμαῖον εἶναι π. Plu.Caes. 29.

b π. σωματικά birthmarks, Ptol.Tetr. 122, cf. Porph. Gaur.5.2.

2 password, Plu.2.598b.

σωτήρ, ῆρος, ὁ, voc. σῶτερ (v. infr. 1.2): poet. [full] σᾰωτήρ Simon. 129, Call.Del. 166: ([etym.] σῴζω):—

A saviour, deliverer, c. gen. of person etc. saved, σ. ἀνθρώπων, νηῶν, h.Hom.22.5, 33.6;

τῆς Ἑλλάδος Hdt. 7.139

;

ἑστίας πατρός A.Ch. 264

; but also c. gen. rei, [νόσου], κακῶν, βλάβης, a preserver from disease, ills, hurt, S.OT 304, E. Med. 360 (anap.), Heracl. 640; c. dat.,

σ. τῇ πόλει καὶ νῷν φανείς Ar.Eq. 149

; σ. δόμοις. Id.Nu. 1161; of a philosopher or guide,

ὁδηγόν.. ὅν φησι σωτῆρα μόνον Phld.Lib.p.20

O.; esp. of Epicurus,

ὁ σ. ὁ ἡμέτερος Polystr.Herc.346p.80V.

2 epith. of Ζεύς, Pi.O. 5.17, Fr.30.5, IG22.410.18 (iv B.C.), etc.; to whom persons after a safe voyage offered sacrifice, Diph.43.24; there was often a temple of Ζεὺς Σ. at harbours, e.g. the Piraeus, Str.9.1.15; to Ζεὺς Σωτήρ the third cup of wine was dedicated,

τρίτον Σωτῆρι σπένδειν Pi.I.6(5).8

;

τρίτην Διὸς Σωτῆρος εὐκταίαν λίβα A.Fr.55

;

Ζεῦ σῶτερ Ar.Th. 1009

, Din.1.36;

ὦ Ζεῦ σῶτερ Philem.79.21

, Men.532.2; to drink this cup became a symbol of good luck, and the third time came to mean the lucky time, τρίτος ἦλθέ ποθεν--σωτῆρ' ἢ μόρον εἴπω; A.Ch. 1073 (anap.); whence the proverb τὸ τρίτον τῷ σωτῆρι the third (i.e. the lucky) time, Pl.R. 583b, Phlb. 66d, Chrm. 167a; and Zeus was himself called

τρίτος σ., Παλλάδος καὶ Λοξίου ἕκατι καὶ τοῦ πάντα κραίν οντος τρίτου σωτῆρος A.Eu. 760

, cf. Supp.26 (anap.).

b epith. of other gods, as of Apollo, Id.Ag. 512, etc.; of Hermes, Id.Ch.2; of Asclepios, IG4.718 ([place name] Hermione), 7.2808 (Hyettus, iii A.D.), BMus. Cat.Coins Pontus p.156 ([place name] Nicaea);

σ. εὐρυχόρου Λακεδαίμονος Isyll. 82

;

τὸν σ. τῶν ὅλων Ἀσκληπιόν Jul.Or.4.153b

;

Ζεὺς Ἀσκληπιὸς σ. τῶν ὅλων Aristid.Or.42(6).4

; of the Dioscuri, IG12(3).422 (Thera, iii B.C.), 14.2406.108 ([place name] Tarentum), etc.; even with fem. deities, Τύχη σωτήρ, for σώτειρα, A.Ag. 664, S.OT81: generally, of guardian or tutelary gods, Hdt.8.138, A.Supp. 982, S.Ph. 738;

τοῖς ἀποτροπαίοις καὶ σωτῆρσι X.HG3.3.4

.

3 applied to rulers, διὰ σέ, βασιλεῦ (viz. Ptolemy IV Philopator), τὸν πάντων κοινὸν ς. PEnteux. 11.6 (iii B.C.); Πτολεμαῖος Σ. OGI19.1, al.; Ἀντίοχος Σ. ib.233.3, al.; of Roman Emperors or governors, ib.668.3 (Egypt, i A.D.), PLond.1.177.24 (i A.D.), etc.

4 in LXX and NT, applied to God, LXX De.32.15, al., 1 Ep.Ti.1.1, al.; to Christ, Ev.Luc.2.11, al.

II in Poets, as Adj.,

σ. ναὸς πρότονος A.Ag. 897

, cf. Pi.Fr. 159; with a fem. noun, γονῆς σωτῆρος (as Herm. for γυνή) A. Th. 225; τιμαὶ σωτῆρες the office or prerogative of saving, of the Dioscuri, E.El. 993 (anap.).

III name of a month created by Caligula, BGU 1078 (38 A.D.), PRyl.2.149 (39/40 A.D.), etc.

παράσημος, ον (σῆμα ‘mark, sign’; Trag. et al.; 2 Macc 2:29; BGU V, 1, 194=Jur. Pap. no. 93, 194; Philo; cp. Jos., Ant. 18, 241)

① pert. to being out of the ordinary, peculiar, odd βίος queer kind of life Dg 5:2.

② pert. to being marked (on the side) so as to be distinguished, marked ἐν πλοίῳ … Ἀλεξανδρινῷ παρασήμῳ Διοσκούροις in an Alexandrian ship that was marked by the Dioscuri i.e. that had the Dioscuri (twin sons of Zeus, Castor and Pollydeuces) as its insignia Ac 28:11 (on the dat. cp. Plut., Mor. 823b ἐπιφθόνοις παράσημος=making oneself noticed by hateful deeds). Yet it is hard to escape the suspicion that the text here, as so oft. in Ac, is damaged, and that it originally contained the noun τὸ παράσημον emblem, insignia situated on both sides of the prow of a ship (Plut., Mor. 162a τῆς νεὼς τὸ παράσημον; PLond II, 256a, 2 p. 99 [11–15 A.D.]; PTebt 486; Mitt-Wilck., I/2, 248, 19; Sb 423, 5. Note esp. CIL 3=ILS 4395 [22 A.D.] navis parasemo sopharia=a ship with sopharia as insignia). LCasson, Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World, ’71, 344f. S. Διόσκουροι.—B-D-F §198, 7. DELG s.v. σῆμα. M-M. (dat. absolute).

φαίνω, Od.7.102, etc., [dialect] Ep. also [full] φαείνω (q. v.):—[tense] fut. φᾰνῶ, A.Fr. 304.5, Ar.Ach. 827, etc. ( φᾱνῶ acc. to A.D.Adv.187.26, but φᾱνῶ, Ar. Eq. 300, and ἀναφᾱνῶ, E.Ba. 528, are dub.); [dialect] Ion. φᾰνέω ([etym.] ἀπο-) Hp.Steril. 213, opt.

A

φᾰνοίην S.Aj. 313

(cod. rec., rightly): [tense] aor. 1

ἔφηνα Il.2.318

, Hdt.1.95, etc.; [dialect] Dor.

ἔφᾱνα Pi.I.4(3).2

, IG42(1).123.28 (Epid., iv B.C.), also later [dialect] Att., subj., ἀπο-φάνῃ dub. l. in IG22.1631.379 ( = 2.811c133);

φάνῃς Philem.233

(

ἐκ-φάνῃς Men.Mon. 418

= Chares Iamb.4b20); so in late Prose, ([etym.] ἐξ-) Ael.VH12.33, ([etym.] ἐπι-) Ev.Luc.1.79, ([etym.] ἀνα-) Act.Ap. 21.3; [dialect] Ep. iter. φάνεσκε (intr.) Il.11.64, al., Hes.Fr.14.3: [tense] pf.

πέφαγκα Ps.-Callisth.2.10

, ([etym.] ἀπο-) Din.1.15, al.: intr. [tense] pf. πέφηνα (v. infr.A 111.2), [dialect] Dor.[ per.] 3pl.

ἐκ-πεφάναντι Sophr.83

; [tense] plpf.

ἐπεφήνειν D.C.46.10

:—[voice] Med., [tense] fut. inf.

φᾰνεῖσθαι Od.12.230

, [dialect] Ion.

φᾰνέομαι Hdt.3.35

; opt.

φανοῖσθε Lys.26.10

(nisi leg. φανεῖσθε); the forms φανῆσθον and [dialect] Dor. imper. φάνευ are corrupt in Pl.Erx. 399e, Teles p.58 H. (leg. φαίνευ): [tense] aor. 1 ἐφηνάμην (trans.) S.Ph. 944, ([etym.] ἀπ-) Hdt.7.52, etc.:—[voice] Pass., [dialect] Ion. [tense] impf.

φαινέσκετο Od.13.194

: [tense] fut.

φᾰνήσομαι Hdt.8.108

, Sicilian [dialect] Dor. (inf.) φᾰνήσειν (fort. - ησεῖν) Archim.A ren.4.20; [dialect] Ep. [tense] fut.

πεφήσεται Il.17.155

: [tense] aor. 1

ἐφάνθην A.Pers. 263

(lyr.), S.OT 525, etc.:rare in Prose, X.HG6.4.11, D.58.13, ([etym.] ἀπο-) IG12.10.35, D.19.44; [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3sg.

φαάνθη Il.17.650

, [ per.] 3pl.

φάανθεν 1.200

: [tense] aor. 2 ἐφάνην [ᾰ], [dialect] Ep.

φάνην Il.1.477

, etc.; [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3pl.

φάνεν Od.18.68

; [dialect] Ep. subj.

φανήῃ Il.19.375

; [dialect] Ep. inf.

φανήμεναι 9.240

: [tense] pf.

πέφασμαι S.OC 1543

, [ per.] 3sg.

πέφανται Il.2.122

, 16.207, Pi.P.5.115, A.Ag. 374(lyr.); πέφᾰται in B.9.52, Perict. ap. Stob. 4.28.19 belongs either to φαίνω in sense A. 1.5, or to φημί; inf.

πεφάνθαι Pl.Euthd. 294a

, etc.; part.

πεφασμένος Il.14.127

, Thgn.227, A.Pr. 843, S.OC 1122, Pl.Phdr. 245e, etc.; [ per.] 3pl. [tense] plpf.

ἐπέφαντο Hes.Sc. 166

.

A [voice] Act., bring to light, cause to appear, in physical sense, τέρας τινὶ φ. make a sign appear to one, Il.2.324, cf. Od.3.173, etc.;

σήματα φαίνων Il.2.353

;

γένυσι φ. ὀπώραν Pi.N.5.6

;

δύο μορφὰς φ. A.Fr.304.5

;

τὸν αὐχένα Hdt.2.132

; ἔφην' ἄφαντον φῶς, i.e. fire, S.Ph. 297;

λαμπάδας Ar.Ra. 1524

(anap.);

φ. θησαυρόν E.El. 565

; φ. μηρούς, ἐπιγουνίδα, show by baring, i.e. uncover.., Od.18.67,74;

φαίνοισα πρόσωπον ἀλάθεια Pi.N.5.17

; reflect an image in water,

τὰ δέ νιν καλὰ κύματα φαίνει Theoc.6.11

:—[voice] Med., τὰ τόξα.. τοῖσιν Ἀργείοισι φήνασθαι θέλει exhibit them as his own, S.Ph. 944.

b make known, reveal, disclose,

ἐς τὸ φῶς φανεῖ κακά Id.OT 1229

;

κακῶν ἔκλυσιν E.IT 898

(lyr., prob.);

τὸν μιαρὸν τῷ χρόνῳ ἀποδόντες φῆναι Antipho 4.4.11

;

ὁδόν τινι Od.12.334

;

τὰ ὀνείρατα καὶ τὸν πόρον X.An.4.3.13

, cf. Cyr.6.4.13, S.OT 725;

τοῖς πολεμίοις σύνθημα Din.3.10

, etc.; φανεῖ.. κωκύματα wailings will show forth [the truth of what I say], S.Ant. 1078: with a predic. added, ἡμᾶς σὺ δειλοὺς φανεῖς wilt make us appear.., Id.Aj. 1362;

τὸν Ααΐου φόνον φανεῖ δικαίως ὀρθόν Id.OT 853

.

c γόνον Ἑλένῃ φ. show her a child, i. e. grant her to bear one, Od.4.12; φ. παράκοιτίν τινι show (i.e. give) one a wife, 15.26.

2 of sound, make it clear to the ear, make it ring clear,

ἀοιδὴν φαίνειν 8.499

;

σάλπιγξ.. ὑπέρτονον γήρυμα φαινέτω στρατῷ A.Eu. 569

.

3 show forth, display in action,

ἀρετήν Od.8.237

;

ἀεικείας 20.309

;

βίην Hes.Th. 689

;

εὐμαχανίαν Pi.I.4(3).2

;

εὔνοιαν Hdt.3.36

; ὕβριν ib. 127;

ὀργάς A.Ch. 326

(lyr.).

b set forth, expound,

νοήματα Il.18.295

;

λόγον Hdt.1.116

;

τριφασίας λόγων ὁδούς Id.1.95

; but τὰ λαμπρὰ.. φ. ἔπη make them good, S.OC 721.

4 inform against one, denounce, φανῶ σε ( σε φανῶ codd.)

τοῖς πρυτάνεσι Ar.Eq. 300

(lyr.), cf. Ach. 824, S.Ant. 325: denounce a thing as contraband, Ar.Ach. 542, 819, al.;

φαίνειν πλοῖον D.58.9

; τὰ φανθέντα articles denounced as contraband, ib. 13: abs., give information,

ὁ φήνας ἢ ὁ γραψάμενος IG12.45.3

, cf. 4.24, Isoc.18.20, X.Cyr.1.2.14, Phld.Rh.2.207 S., etc.

5 φαίνειν φρουράν, call up a levy, at Sparta, X.HG3.2.23, al.; also φ. θυσίαν proclaim, order a sacrifice, Philod.Scarph.112:—[voice] Pass., πέφαται θνατοῖσι νίκας ὕστερον εὐφροσύνα has been ordained, B.9.52.

II abs., give light, shine,

φαίνοντες νύκτας.. δαιτυμόνεσσι Od.7.102

, cf. 19.25; of the sun, moon, etc.,

φ. τινί Ar.Nu. 586

(troch.);

εἰς ἅπαντα φ. τὸν οὐρανόν Pl.Ti. 39b

;

ἀλλά, σελάνα, φαῖνε καλόν Theoc.2.11

;

οἱ λύχνοι φ. ἧττον Thphr.Ign.11

; cf. φάω: so ἦρι μὲν φαίνοντι in spring when it shines forth, A.Fr.304.4 codd. (leg. φανέντι); of the Dioscuri shining in mid-air, E.El. 1234 (anap.): metaph., ἀγανὴ φαίνουσ' ἐλπίς soft shining hope, A.Ag. 101 (anap., dub.).

b Φαίνων, οντος, ὁ, the planet Saturn, Arist.Mu. 392a23, Cic.ND2.20.52, etc.;

Φ. ὁ τοῦ Ἡλίου Eudox. Ars5.19

; acc.

- ωνα Placit.2.15.4

.

III [dialect] Ep. iter. φάνεσκε appeared,

μετὰ πρώτοισι φάνεσκε Il.11.64

;

ὑπένερθε δὲ γαῖα φάνεσκε Od. 12.242

, cf. 11.587, Hes.Fr.14.3.

2 [tense] pf. 2 πέφηνα is also used intr., S.OC 328, etc.; less freq. in Prose, Hdt.9.120, D.3.22, Plb.9.13.8.

B [voice] Pass., come to light, appear, φάνεν δέ οἱ εὐρέες ὦμοι, being stripped bare, Od.18.68, cf. Il.22.324, Od.19.39: freq. of fire, shine brightly,

πυρὰ φαίνετο Ἰλιόθι πρό Il.8.561

;

ἕκαθεν δέ τε φαίνεται αὐγή 2.456

;

δεινὼ δέ οἱ ὄσσε φάανθεν

shone like fire,

Il.1.200

: freq. of the rising of heavenly bodies,

ἄστρα φαεινὴν ἀμφὶ σελήνην φαίνετ' ἀριπρεπέα 8.556

, cf. Hes.Op. 598; of the first gleam of daybreak,

ἦμος δ' ἠριγένεια φάνη ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς Il.1.477

, Od.2.1, al.; ἅμ' ἠοῖ φαινομένηφι at break of day, Il.9.618, cf. Od.4.407, al.;

ἀκτὶς ἀελίου, τὸκάλλιστον.. φανὲν.. τῶν προτέρων φάος, ἐφάνθης ποτ' S.Ant. 100

(lyr.): of a rising wind,

οὐδέ ποτ' οὖροι πνείοντες φαίνονθ' ἁλιαέες Od.4.361

; of a vapour,

ἐκ νεφέων ἐρεβεννὴ φ. ἀήρ Il.5.864

.

2 of persons, οἴῳ φαινομένη appearing to him alone, Il.1.198, cf. Od.15.517, etc.;

ἐφάνη λὶς εἰς ὁδόν Il.15.275

; οὗπερ κἀφάνης where thou didst first appear, S.OC77;

χρόνιος φανείς Id.Ph. 1446

(anap.); ὁδόν φανῆναι a pregnant expression for ἐλθεῖν ὁδὸν ὥστε φανῆναι, Id.El. 1274 (lyr.);

κέλευθον φανείς Aj. 878

(lyr.); πόθεν φαίνῃ; whence come you? Pl.Prt. 309a, X.Mem.2.8.1; οὐδαμοῦ φ. is nowhere to be seen, Id.An.1.10.16.

b come into being, φανεὶς δύστηνος born to misery, S.OC 974, cf. 1225 (lyr.); become,

ἐκ βασιλέως ἰδιώτην φανῆναι X.An.7.7.28

;

δυοῖν ἐφάνη τριήραρχος D.18.104

; to be made out,

δοῦλος λόγοισιν.. φανείς S.Aj. 1020

, cf. 1241.

3 of events, come about,

τέλος οὔ πώ τι πέφανται Il.2.122

;

φάνη βιότοιο τελευτή 7.104

; ἔργον, ἄεθλον, etc., 16.207, Od.21.106, etc.;

τὸ φανθέν S.Tr. 743

; of sayings, to be set forth, λόγος ἀρχαῖος φανείς ib.1, cf. OT 474 (lyr.), 848.

II appear to be so and so, c. inf.,

δμῳάων ἥ τίς τοι ἀρίστη φαίνεται εἶναι Od.15.25

, cf. 11.336;

οὐ γάρ σφιν ἐφαίνετο κέρδιον εἶναι 14.355

;

τοῦτό μοι θειότατον φαίνεται γενέσθαι Hdt.7.137

;

εὖ σὺ λέγειν φαίνει Ar.Nu. 403

(anap.), cf. A.Pr. 319, etc.: freq. with inf. omitted,

οὗ καὶ πρόσθεν ἀρίστη φαίνετο βουλή Il.9.94

, cf. 2.5;

ὅς τις φαίνηται ἄριστος Od.14.106

;

σμερδαλέος αὐτῇσι φάνη 6.137

;

ἕρμαιον ἂν ἐφάνη Pl.R. 368d

, etc.: but in Hdt., etc., also c. part., to be manifest: thus, ἐμοὶ σὺ πλουτέειν μέγα φαίνεαι you appear to me to be very rich, Hdt.1.32; but εὔνοος ἐφαίνετο ἐών he was manifestly well-inclined, Id.7.173, cf. 175, Th.1.2; οὐκ ἄκαιρα φαίνεται λέγειν he appears to be speaking.., A.Pr. 1036; but φανέονται λέγοντες οὐδέν it will be manifest that they talk nonsense, Hdt.3.35;

φαίνομαι δύο καθορᾶν εἴδη Pl.Sph. 235d

; but

οὐκ ἂν φανεῖμεν πήματ' ἔρξαντες A.Pers. 786

;

πλαγκτὸς οὖσ' ἐφαινόμην Id.Ag. 593

, cf. Hdt.9.89, E.Andr. 343;

ἐφάνησαν πεπονθότες Pl.Ap. 22c

: with part. omitted, πέφανται ἁρματηλάτας σοφός (sc. ὤν) Pi.P.5.115, cf. N.6.14;

κρατηθεὶς ἡμερώτερος φανεῖ A.Ag. 1632

; Κᾶρες ἐφάνησαν (sc. ὄντες) they were seen to be Carians, Th.1.8; τί φαίνομαι (sc. ὤν) δῆτ'; what do I look like? E.Ba. 925;

ὡς ἀγαθοὶ.. ἐφάνησαν Pl.R. 408a

: hence φαίνεσθαι, opp.

εἶναι, εἶναι μὲν ὅσπερ εἰμί, φαίνεσθαι δὲ μή E.Fr. 698

(ap.Ar.Ach. 441);

στρατηγὸς ἀγαθὸς μὴ ὢν φαίνεσθαι X.Mem.1.7.3

;

ὀλίγοι καὶ ὄντες καὶ φαινόμενοι Id.HG6.5.28

.

2 in Philosophy, φαίνομαι (abs.) is sts. used of what appears to the senses,

φαίνεται δ' οὐδὲν

is observed,

Arist. Ph. 204b35

, cf. Cael. 312b30;

φ. κατὰ τὴν αἴσθησιν Id.GA 716a31

: sts. of what is mentally manifest, Id.EN 1175a29; to be evident, Id.APr. 24b24: esp. appear to the imagination (cf.

φαντασία 2

), Pl.Sph. 264b;

φ. καὶ μύουσιν ὁράματα Arist.de An. 428a16

; φ. δέ τι.. οἷον τὰ ἐν τοῖς ὕπνοις ib.a7: distd. from αἰσθάνεσθαι and δοξάζειν, ib.b1: esp. in part. φαινόμενος, η, ον:

a appearing in sense experience,

τὰ φ. κατὰ τὴν αἴσθησιν Id.Cael. 303a22

, al.;

εἴτε τὰ δοκοῦντα πάντα ἐστὶν ἀληθῆ καὶ τὰ φ. Id.Metaph. 1009a8

, cf. de An. 404a29 (sg.);

τὰ φ.

sense-data,

Id.PA 639b8

, Epicur.Ep.1pp.9,10 U., al.: Astron., τὰ φ. = celestial phenomena, title of a work by Eudoxus, versified by Aratus, Hipparch. 1.1.8, cf. Arist. Cael. 293b27; πρός τινας δόξας αὑτῶν τὰ φ. προσέλκοντες ib. 293a26: generally,

τὸ μὴ ἐκ φαινομένων τὸ βλεπόμενον γεγονέναι Ep.Heb.11.3

.

b mentally apparent, opp. ὄντα τῇ ἀληθείᾳ, Pl.R. 596e, cf. Arist.Top. 100b24, EN 1113a24;

τὰ οὖν ἐμοὶ φαινόμενα οὕτω φαίνεται Pl.R. 517b

; [

νοῦς] τῶν φ. θειότατον Arist. Metaph. 1074b16

; τὸ φ. εἰπεῖν to express one's opinion, Plu.2.158c: hence, specious, fallacious, φ. ἐνθυμήματα, opp. ὄντα, Arist.Rh. 1402a28.

c

τὰ φ.

what is to be seen, show,

Lib.Or.30.28

.

3 freq. in answers in Plato's dialogue, φαίνεται, yes, Prt. 332e, R.333c, al.;

ὥς γέ μοι φ. Prt.324d

, cf. R.383a, al.: [τοῦτο] φῂς εἶναι; Answ. φαίνομαι (sc. λέγειν) X.Mem.4.2.20.

b later impers. c. dat. pers. et inf., it seems good, ἐάν σοι φαίνηται Wilcken Chr.304.11 (iii B.C.), cf. PCair.Zen.44.7,16 (iii B.C.), etc.;

ὁπότε αὐτῷ φανείη στρατιὰν ἐξάγειν D.H.2.14

, cf. 4.85.

4 joined with

δοκέω, εἰ δὴ κακός τε φ. δοκῶ τέ σοι E.Hipp. 1071

;

δοκοῖμεν ἂν.. χείρους φαίνεσθαι Th.1.122

, cf. Pl.Phdr. 269d, Erx. 399c, X.Mem.2.1.22.

5 οὐδαμοῦ φαίνεσθαι 'to be nowhere', metaph. from racing, Pl.Phd. 72c, cf. Grg. 456b, D.18.310.

III τὰ φανθέντα, v. supr. A. 1.4.

μᾰλάσσω, [dialect] Att. [suff] μᾰλάκ-ττω, [tense] fut. -ξω E.Or. 1201: ([etym.] μαλακός):—

A make soft,

I of dressing leather, make it supple, Luc.Anach.24;

μ. δέρμα Hp.Aph. 5.22

, of the human skin:—hence, with reference to Cleon's trade of tanner, μ. τινά give one a hiding, Ar.Eq. 388: metaph., ἐν παγκρατίου στόλῳ μαλαχθείς worsted in it, Pi.N.3.16; χηλῇ μαλαχθείς crushed by the hoof, of a toad, Babr.28.6.

2 soften metal or other materials for working,

ὥσπερ σίδηρον μ. Pl.R. 411b

:—[voice] Pass., Arist. Mete. 383a31.

3 calm, μαλάξοντες βιατὰν πόντον, of the Dioscuri, Lyr.Adesp.133.

II metaph., soften, appease, σπλάγχνον, ὀργάς, E. Or. 1201, Alc. 771; χρόνος μαλάξει σε will relieve thee, ib. 381, cf. 1085; [θωπεῖαι] τοὺς θυμοὺς μαλάττουσαι ποιοῦσιν κηρίνους interpol. in Pl.Lg. 633d;

μ. τὸ τῆς φύσεως σκληρόν Plb.4.21.3

;

μ. τὰ ἤθη Plu.2.156d

:— [voice] Pass., to be softened, relent,

πρὸς θεῶν, μαλάσσου S.Aj. 594

; τί κακόν ποτ' ἔσθ' ὅτῳ μαλάττομαι; Ar.V. 973; τῶν ψυχῶν -ομένων (by music) Phld.Mus.p.33 K.; μ. νόσου to be relieved from disease, S.Ph. 1334; of fever, remit, Hp.Epid.3.17.5, cf. Coac. 380;

τὰ πολλὰ τῶν δεινῶν ἡμέρας μαλάσσεται S.Fr.65

.

λευκό-πωλος, ον,

A with white horses,

ἡμέρα A.Pers. 386

, S.Aj. 673;

τέθριππον Plu.Cam.7

; epith. of the Dioscuri (cf. λεύκιππος), Pi.P.1.66; at Thebes also of Amphion and Zethus, E.HF29;

θεοί Id.Ph. 606

.

Ἀμβούλιος, (perh. connected with βουλή) title of Zeus, Athena, and the Dioscuri at Sparta, Paus.3.13.4.